Eli Lilly’s weight loss drug Zepbound shows promise as a sleep apnea treatment in late-stage trials

Eli Lilly on Wednesday said its highly popular weight loss drug Zepbound showed the potential to treat patients with the most common sleep-related breathing disorder in two late-stage clinical trials.

The initial results add to the long list of potential health benefits of weight loss and diabetes treatments, which have skyrocketed in demand over the last year despite their high prices and spotty insurance coverage.

Zepbound was more effective than a placebo at reducing the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA, in patients with obesity after a year, according to preliminary data from both trials. OSA refers to interrupted breathing during sleep due to narrowed or blocked airways. The pharmaceutical giant said it plans to present the results at an upcoming medical conference and submit them to the Food and Drug Administration and regulators in other countries in mid-2024.

Eli Lilly previously announced that the FDA granted Zepbound “fast track designation” for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA and obesity. That designation ensures that drugs that intend to both treat a serious or life-threatening condition and fill an unmet medical need get reviewed more quickly.

The results are an early sign of hope for the estimated 80 million patients in the U.S. who experience OSA, Eli Lilly said in a press release. Around 20 million of those people have moderate-to-severe forms of the disease, but 85% of OSA cases go undiagnosed, according to Eli Lilly.

OSA can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness and loud snoring, as well as contribute to serious complications, including hypertension, stroke and heart failure. Patients with the condition have limited treatment options outside of cumbersome and often uncomfortable machines that provide positive airway pressure, or PAP, to allow for normal breathing.

“Addressing this unmet need head-on is critical, and while there are pharmaceutical treatments for the excessive sleepiness associated with OSA, [Zepbound] has the potential to be the first pharmaceutical treatment for the underlying disease,” Dr. Jeff Emmick, Eli Lilly’s senior vice president of product development, said in the release on Wednesday.

Zepbound has slipped into shortages since receiving approval in the U.S. for weight management in November. The active ingredient in Zepbound, known as tirzepatide, is also approved under the brand name Mounjaro for diabetes.

Mounjaro and other diabetes drugs are typically covered by insurance, while Zepbound and other weight loss drugs are not. But the new data in sleep apnea patients gives Eli Lilly a “pathway to gaining Medicare Part D coverage for Zepbound,” even before any changes to the federal program’s coverage of obesity treatments, JPMorgan Chase analyst Chris Schott wrote in a note Wednesday.

Under new guidance issued in late March, Medicare can cover certain weight loss drugs as long as they receive FDA approval for an added health benefit. Medicare prescription drug plans administered by private insurers, known as Part D, currently cannot cover those drugs for weight loss alone.

Schott added that the new data gives Eli Lilly a path to increase the use of Zepbound among men. He said the company has suggested that men may be more likely to use a so-called GLP-1 drug such as Zepbound for sleep apnea compared to obesity.

Eli Lilly’s Zepbound works by imitating two naturally produced gut hormones called GLP-1 and GIP. GLP helps reduce food intake and appetite. GIP, which also suppresses appetite, may also improve how the body breaks down sugar and fat.

Researchers specifically examined how much the weekly injection reduced the so-called apnea-hypopnea index, or AHI, which records the number of times per hour a person’s breathing shows a restricted or completely blocked airway. The index is used to evaluate the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and the effectiveness of treatments for the condition. 

In both sub-studies, Zepbound was superior to the placebo in reducing AHI, which was the main goal of the trials.

The first study evaluated the drug in adults with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and obesity who were not on PAP therapy.

People who took Zepbound had an average of 27.4 fewer AHI events per hour at 52 weeks, compared with an average reduction of 4.8 events per hour for the placebo, according to the results. 

Zepbound also met the trial’s second goal, leading to an overall AHI reduction of 55% compared with a decrease of 5% for the placebo, the results say.

The second study tested Zepbound in adults with the same conditions, but those patients were on and planned on continuing PAP therapy.

People who took Zepbound had an average of 30.4 fewer AHI events per hour at 52 weeks, compared with an average reduction of 6 events per hour for the placebo. 

Zepbound led to an overall AHI reduction of nearly 63%, compared with a decrease of more than 6% for the placebo.

The results blew past Wall Street’s expectations. Investors largely deemed a 50% reduction as the threshold to consider Eli Lilly’s trials a success. The roughly 60% improvement shows “outsized benefits,” Deutsche Bank analyst James Shin wrote in a note Wednesday.

Across the two studies, Zepbound helped patients lose around 20% of their weight. But Eli Lilly noted that men are known to achieve less weight loss than women with therapies like Zepbound.

In a note on Wednesday, Morgan Stanley analyst Terence Flynn called that weight reduction encouraging and said the firm expected 15% to 18% weight loss in the trial. Morgan Stanley views “this as another positive data point supporting the efficacy profile of tirzepatide,” Flynn said.